Mentalidades de francos y bizantinos en 1204: una aproximación

Lambros Kotsalás

doi:10.3989/aem.2013.43.2.07

Authors

Lambros Kotsalás University of Athens - Universidad de Zaragoza

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/aem.2013.43.2.07

Keywords:

fourth crusade, history of mentalities, Constantinople, Franks and Byzantines, the wonderful

Abstract

The object of the present essay is to open up new approaches to the topic of the fourth crusade and the conquest of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204. Apart from the discussion on the problematic recent application of the concepts we are going to address, I have relied on methodological tools for the history of mentalities, attempting to shed new light on the interpretation of the actions of both Franks and Byzantines. The survey on the marvellous in the accounts of that period reveals to us anew the capital of Byzantium, characterized and accompanied by the mythical element. The key of my endeavor is the interaction of the average man’s frame of mind with the stimuli surrounding him. In doing so, we will be able to comprehend the individual’s demeanor, the human action that determines the historical process. Furthermore, we shall scrutinize a bifurcated Christian cosmos, with similar structure of thought and contrary perspectives.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

FUENTES PRIMARIAS

Georgii Acropolitae, Opera (Χρονικη Συγγραφη ), ed. A. Heisenberg, I-II, Lipsia, 1903 [reedición por P. Wirth, Stuttgart, 1978].

Nicetae Choniatae, Historia (Χρονικη´ Διη´ γησις), ed. J.-L. van Dieten, [CFHB, XI], Berlín - Nueva York, 1975; O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates, trad. H. J. Magoulias, Detroit, Wayne State University Press, 1984, pp. 321-362.

Robert de Clari, La conquête de Constantinople, trad. J. Dufournet [édition bilingue], Paris, Honoré Champion, 2004; The conquest of Constantinople, trad. E. H. McNeal, Nueva York, Columbia University Press, 2005.

Iacopo da Varazze, Legenda aurea, ed. G. P. Maggioni, vol. I, Florencia, Sismel Edizioni del Galluzzo, 1998.

Geoffroy de Villehardouin, Villehardouin’s Chronicle of the fourth crusade and the conquest of Constantinople, en Villehardouin and De Joinville, Memoirs of the Crusades, trad. Sir F. T. Marzials, Londres, 1965, pp. 1-133.

OBRAS MODERNAS

Abrams, Philip, History, sociology, historical sociology, “Past and Present” 87/1 (1980), pp. 3-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/past/87.1.3

Alexander, J. Paul, The byzantine apocalyptic tradition, Berkeley - Los Ángeles - Londres, University of California Press, 1985.

Alphandéry, Paul; Dupront, Alphonse, La cristiandad y el concepto de cruzada, vol. II: Las cruzadas (siglos XII-XIII), México, UTEH, 1962.

Angold, Michael, The fourth crusade: event and context, Harlow, Longman, 2003.

Ayensa, Eusebi, Folclore y nacionalismo griego. Ideologías en torno a la caída de la ciudad, “Erytheia” 24 (2003), pp. 179-205.

Bachelard, Gaston, L'eau et les rêves: essai sur l'imagination de la matière, París, Librairie José Corti, 1968.

Beck, Hans-Georg, Das byzantinische jahrtausend, Múnich, C.H.Beck, 1978.

Burckhardt, Jacob, The civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, Londres, Penguin Books, 1990.

Carr, H. Edward, What is history?, Londres, Penguin Books, 1987.

Christophilopoulou, Aikaterini, Βυζαντινη ιστορια, vol. III-1: 1081-1204, Atenas, 2001.

Constable, Giles, The historiography of the crusades, en Laiou, A.E.; Mottahedeh, R.P. (eds.), The crusades from the perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim world, Washington D.C., Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2001, pp. 1-22.

Dagron, Gilbert, Naissance d’une capitale: Constantinople et ses institutions de 330 à 451, París, Presses Universitaires de France, 1974.

Dagron, Gilbert, Constantinople imaginaire, Études sur le recueil des Patria, París, Presses Universitaires de France, 1984.

Delehaye, Hippolyte, Les légendes grecques des saints militaires, Nueva York, Arno Press, 1975.

Eco, Umberto, Il feticismo nell'arte, “L’Espresso” (1967).

Frolow, Anatole, La déviation de la 4e croisade vers Constantinople. Problème d’histoire et de doctrine, “Revue de l’histoire des religions” 145/2 (1954), pp. 168-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rhr.1954.6975

Geanakoplos J., Deno, Byzantine East and Latin West: two worlds of Christendom in Middle Ages and Renaissance, Nueva York, Blackwell, 1966.

Giarenis, Ilias, Η συγκρο τηση και η εδραι ωση της αυτοκρατορι ας της Νι καιας. Ο αυτοκρα τορας Θεο δωρος Α' Κομνηνο´ ς Λα´ σκαρις, ΕΙΕ, Ινστιτου´ το Βυζαντινω´ ν Ερευνω´ ν, Atenas, 2008.

Gounarides, Paris, Η εικο´ να των Λατι ´ νων, en Moschonas, N.G. (ed.), Η τε´ ταρτη σταυροφορι ´ α και ο ελληνικο´ ς κο´ σμος, ΕΙΕ, Ινστιτου´ − το Βυζαντινω´ ν Ερευνω´ ν, Το Βυζα´ ντιο ση´ μερα 5, Atenas, 2008, pp. 43-59.

Graus, František, Social utopias in the Middle Ages, “Past and Present” 38/1 (1967), pp. 3-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/past/38.1.3

Guenée, Bernard, Histoires, annales, chroniques: essai sur les genres historiques au Moyen Age, “Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales” 28/4 (1973), pp. 997-1016.

Gurevich, Aaron, Historical anthropology of the Middle Ages, Cambridge, Polity, 1992.

Gurevich, Aaron, Why am I not a byzantinist?, en Homo Byzantinus: Papers in honor of Alexander Kazhdan, “Dumbarton Oaks Papers”, 46 (1992), pp. 89-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1291642

Harris, Jonathan, Distortion, divine providence and genre in Niceras Choniates’s account of the collapse of Byzantium 1180-1204, “Journal of Medieval History”, 26/1 (2000), pp. 19-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4181(99)00011-1

Harris, Jonathan, Byzantium and the crusades, Lancaster, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006.

Hunger, Herbert, Byzantinische geisteswelt, Ámsterdam, A.M. Hakkert, 1967. PMid:5600502

Kazhdan, Alexander, Latins and Franks in Byzantium: perception and reality from the eleventh to the twelfth century, en Laiou, A.E.; Mottahedeh, R.P. (eds.), The crusades from the perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim world, Washington D.C., Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2001, pp. 83-100.

Kolbada, M. Tia, Byzantine perceptions of Latin religious «errors»: themes and changes from 850 to 1350, en Laiou, A.E.; Mottahedeh, R.P. (eds.), The crusades from the perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim world, Washington D.C., Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2001, pp. 117-143.

Kolia-Dermitzaki, Athina, Ο βυζαντινο´ ς «ιερο´ ς πο´ λεμος». Η ε ννοια και η προβολη του θρησκευτικου πολε μου στο Βυζα ντιο, Atenas, Βασιλο´ πουλος Στε´ φανος Δ., 1991.

Kolia-Dermitzaki, Athina, Λεηλασι ´ α και μεταφορα´ λαφυ´ ρων και κινητω´ ν πολιτισμικω´ ν αγαθω´ ν στη Δυ´ ση, en Moschonas, N.G. (ed.), Η τε´ ταρτη σταυροφορι ´ α και ο ελληνικο´ ς κο´ σμος, ΕΙΕ, Ινστιτου´ το Βυζαντινω´ ν Ερευνω´ ν, Το Βυζα´ ντιο ση´ μερα 5, Atenas, 2008, pp. 299-326.

Le Goff, Jacques, Guerriers et bourgeois conquérants. L’image de la ville dans la littérature française au XIIe siècle, en Culture, science et développement: contribution à une histoire de l'homme. Mélanges en l'honneur de Charles Morazé , Tolosa, Privat, 1979, pp. 113-136.

Le Goff, Jacques, Il meraviglioso e il quotidiano nell´ Occidente medievale, Roma - Bari, Laterza & Figli, 1983. PMCid:PMC1001326

Le Goff, Jacques, Medieval civilization 400-1500, Oxford, Blackwell,1990.

Liakos, Antonis, Utopian and historical thinking: interplays and transferences, “Historein” 7 (2007), pp. 1-50 [la paginación adoptada es la que aparece en el pdf disponible en la red]: http://www.culturahistorica.es/liakos/utopian_and_historical_thinking.pdf, [consulta: 01/06/2012].

Lotman, M. Iuri, La semiótica de la cultura y el concepto de texto, “Entretextos. Revista Electrónica Semestral de Estudios Semióticos de la Cultura” 2 (2003), http://www.ugr.es/~mcaceres/entretextos/pdf/entre2/escritos/escritos2.pdf, [consulta: 20/07/2011].

Löwith, Karl, El sentido de la historia: implicaciones teológicas de la filosofía de la historia, Madrid, Aguilar, 1973.

Madden, F. Thomas (ed.), The fourth crusade: event, aftermath and perceptions, Papers from the sixth conference of the society for the study of the crusades and the Latin East, Istanbul, Turkey, 25-29 August 2004, Bodmin, Ashgate Publishing, 2008.

Mavromatis, Leonidas, Historia bizantina e historia, “Erytheia” 11-12 (1990-1991), pp. 65-70.

Meschini, Marco, The ‘four crusades’ of 1204, en Madden, Th.F. (ed.), The fourth crusade: event, aftermath and perceptions, Papers from the sixth conference of the society for the study of the crusades and the Latin East, Istanbul, Turkey, 25-29 August 2004, Bodmin, Ashgate Publishing, pp. 27-42.

Mitre, Emilio, Historiografía y mentalidades históricas en la Europa Medieval, Madrid, Editorial de la Universidad Complutense, 1982.

Nicol, M. Donald, The fourth crusade and the Greek and Latin empires 1204-1261, en Byzantium: Its ecclesiastical history and relations with the western world, Londres, Variorum Reprints, 1972, vol. II, pp. 275-330.

Nicol, M. Donald, The immortal emperor: the life and legend of Constantine Palaiologos, last emperor of the Romans, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511583698 PMCid:PMC1130805

Orcástegui, Carmen; Sarasa, Esteban, La historia en la Edad Media. Historiografía e historiadores en Europa Occidental: siglos V-XIII, Madrid, Cátedra, 1991.

Ostrogorsky, Georg, Historia del estado bizantino, Madrid, Akal Universitaria, 1984.

Philips, Jonathan, The fourth crusade and the sack of Constantinople, “History Today” 54/5 (2004), pp. 21-28.

Queller, E. Donald, The fourth crusade: the conquest of Constantinople, 1201-1204, Filadelfi a, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977.

Runciman, Steven, A history of the crusades, v. III: The kingdom of Acre and the late crusades, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1951.

Runciman, Steven, Mistra, Londres, Thames & Hudson, 1980.

Simpson, J. Alicia, Before and after 1204: The versions of Niketas Choniates’ Historia, “Dumbarton Oaks Papers” 60 (2006), pp. 189-221.

Stouraitis, Ioannis, Jihad and crusade: byzantine positions towards the notions of "holy war", “Byzantina Symmeikta” 21 (2011), pp. 11-63.

Swietek, R. Francis, Gunther of Pairis and the Historia Constantinopolitana, “Speculum” 53/1 (1978), pp. 49-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2855606

Tanoulas, Tassos, Οραμ’ ερατεινο´ ν. Architecture and rhetoric (eleventh- fifteenth centuries), en Angelidi, C. (ed.), Byzantium matures. Choices, sensitivities, and modes of expression (eleventh to fi fteenth centuries),

NHRF, Institute for Byzantine Research, International Symposium 13, Atenas, 2004, pp. 313-339.

Todorov, Tzvetan, Structural analysis of narrative, “Novel: a forum on fiction” 3/1 (1969), pp. 70-76.

Van Gennep, Arnold, The rites of passage, Londres, Routledge, 2004.

Ward, Joseph, The theory of the four monarchies. Opposition history under the Roman empire, “Classical Philology” 35/1 (1940), pp. 1-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/362315